After cave dwelling, human life fluctuated between the two poles of 
movement and permanence, thereby, early human communities were formed in the 
villages. With the spread of trade, human relations increased, cities developed, and the 
city became a symbol of political and socio-economic transformation. In Azerbaijan, 
the footprints of early humans have been seen in various caves such as Tam Tamai 
Urmia and Azikh Fuzuli. Due to the favorable climate, the first human habitats were 
formed ten thousand years ago in the cities of Azerbaijan in the hills known as Kul 
Teppe around Lake Urmia. In these hilly towns, the basic needs of early humans such 
as obsidian vessels and weapons have been discovered. In the second millennium BC, 
with the increase in wealth, walls were formed around the residential areas of 
Azerbaijan. From the beginning of the 9th century BC, with the help of Assyrian and 
then Urartian sources, we have useful information about the settlement of Azerbaijani 
people in fortress-cities. Assyrian pictures of midian fortresses show that these 
fortresses were surrounded by strong stone walls, like the architecture of the Urart 
period, and were strong buildings on top of natural heights or sometimes on 
embankments and artificial hills. Along the fence, towers were installed at regular 
intervals, and the top of the towers and the fence were curved for archery. In the 
following centuries, due to the lack of information, we have no information about the 
cities of Azerbaijan. In the Azerbaijan region, apart from some assumptions, there is no 
definite evidence about the so-called Achaemenid period. With the attacks of the 
Greeks, the word "Azerbaijan" was gradually formed with more or less the historical 
limits of today, and by relying on Greco-Roman sources, useful information about the 
capital and major cities of Azerbaijan is available. With the support of Western 
Hellenism in Azerbaijan, more and more communication routes are formed and the 
ground for international trade is created in Azerbaijan. In the following centuries, 
known as the Parthian and Sasanian eras, the information about the cities of Azerbaijan 
was more or less the same as mentioned in Greek-Roman sources. What was the nature 
and location of the cities and transportation routes of Azerbaijan during the ancient 
history? It is a question that will be answered in a descriptive-analytical way in this 
research.