Studies on Azerbaijan and Turk's History Azərbaycan və Türk tarixi araşdırmaları

Abstract

Abstract The Constitutionalist Movement of Sheikh Mohammad Khiyabani in Azerbaijan had political, social, and cultural dimensions. One of the most important manifestations of this movement was the emergence of the “Women’s Liberation or Azerbaijani Feminism” school. This school was founded by two members of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party, namely Taqi Rafat and Rafi Khan Amin. The main goal of this school was to empower Azerbaijani Turkish women and to gain equal opportunities with men in accessing political and social resources. This school believed that gender inequality in Iran is a historical issue that has been structured into forms of gender inequality in the culture and institutions of society. The change of society in all dimensions, especially the raising of public awareness, will be the factor in women’s access to an equal position. On the other hand, Taqi Rafat, one of the founders of this school, also had progressive ideas in the field of literature. He believed that writers should adhere to the values of past literature and, in a context of historical transformation, guide society towards progressive cultural values. According to Rafat, the transmission of values through a transformed literature is one of the conditions of social change that provides an appropriate historical backdrop through rational considerations for social development and transformation. Thus, as a result of Rafat’s efforts, for the first time in the history of Azerbaijan and Iran, the school of literary criticism and modernist literature emerged, and therefore he can be considered the founder of modern poetry in Iran.
Key words: Sheikh Mohammad Khiyabani movement, Azerbaijan, Taqi Rauf, Rafi Amin Khan, Azerbaijani feminism, modernist literature, tradition and modernity.

Abstract With the start of the First World War, both sides of Azerbaijan were involved in an unwanted war between the Ottoman and Russian states. With the defeat of the allies of the Ottoman government, it was forced to leave Azerbaijan on both sides of the Aras River, and the field became more open for the invasion of the Armenian armed forces.
The Muslim Turks, in front of the invading Armenians, who attacked the Muslim areas to expand their borders, the government of "Araz Turk government" (Turkish Republic of Aras), "Daghlar government " (Republic of the Mountains) in Dagestan, "Qars Islam Shurasi" Kars Republic) in the Kars region in eastern Anatolia and "Akhiska Republic" in present-day Georgia and "Southwest Caucasus Government" (Southwest Caucasus Government) in the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia and "Azerbaijan Republic" (Azerbaijan Republic / Equality State) ) set up.
These states were dissolved after the attack of the Bolshevik Russians and their lands were merged into the states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and Turkey.
 

Abstract Great Azerbaijani poet of XII century Nizami Ganjavi have been widely used folk literature in his works, derived advantage from a lot of folklore genre. “Treasure of Mysteries” − is a particularly rich work in this sense. In this paper, it will be given general information about the Nizami Ganjavi's poem of “Treasury of Mysteries” and idioms and sayings that are used in the work will be reviewed.

Abstract Diwan Lughāt al-Turk (Dictionary of Turkish Dialects) by Mahmoud Kashghari is 
the oldest Turkish-Arabic dictionary and the most important source from the 5th 
century of Hijri about the different dialects of the Turkish language. This work 
especially contains valuable information about Oghuz Turkmen and their dialect, 
Oghuz Turkish or Turkmani. Kashghari has described the features of the Oghuz 
Turkmen dialect and pointed out its differences with other dialects in his work, which 
was written with the intention of teaching the Turkish language and introducing the 
dialects of this language to the Muslim nations. The characteristics that Kashgari 
listed for the Oghuzan dialect in his work are enough to show that this dialect had 
enough characteristics to distinguish it from other Turkish dialects at the time of the 
compilation of Diwan Lughāt al-Turk Dictionary. In this article, based on the data 
available in Kashgari's work, we aim to introduce this dialect and mention the most 
important features that distinguish it from other Turkish dialects in the fifth century 
of Hijra.

Abstract

Abstract The city and state of Yerevan has been a part of the territory of Azerbaijan in 
history. This area was ruled by Qajar Khan until 1828, which became part of 
Russian lands based on the Treaty of Turkmenchai in 1828. With the collapse of 
the tsarist government of Russia, the Armenians wanted to occupy the entire 
province of Yerevan and were able to declare Yerevan as the center of the 
Republic of Armenia despite the majority of Turks in thıs regıon. Since its 
formation, this government was trying to cleanse the region from other nations for 
the benefit of Armenians. The passage of time showed that the Armenians were 
successful in this policy and Yerevan and its surrounding villages were cleared of 
Turks. This document is one of the thousands of documents that the oppressed 
residents of Yerevan and the elders of its 20 villages have requested for help from 
the newly established government of Azerbaijan by sending letters in the 
Azerbaijani Turkish language with the Arabic alphabet and dated September 8, 
1919. This letter reached the government of Azerbaijan on November 18, 1919
and was registered as number 171. In this letter, the elders of Yerevan, while 
describing the atrocities of Dashnak Armenians during the First World War, 
explained how the people of Surmeli, Akh Sakhli, Qirakh Bolaq, Echmiadzin, 
Kalpan and Chichek regions were deported. In the following, you can see the 
minutes of the signing of the request for assistance from the Azerbaijan cabinet of 
twenty villages of Yerevan. The original of this document is kept in the archives 
of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Abstract The year of 1265 .Ac.Abaka,an the Ilkhani governor ordered his successors to select,prepare and rebuild   Tabriz as the capital city and center of the Ilkhani empire  Thus began a new period of progress and development for the magnificent city of Tabriz.Meanwhile the famous explorers and historians of that time began to write a great deal of materials about the glorious Tabriz  . Hamdollah Mostofi,the famous Islamic historian, has written that in the year of 697 A.H  Rashiddetdin  Fazlollah  the prime minister of Kazankhan  , once had received an order from the Khan to lay the foundation  of a great center of sciences;(philosophy,natural and physical sciences,mathematics,literature medical sciences etc.) so the high-minded prime minister put the Khan,s order into action.                                                               
 So on the slopes of Surkhab mountains extended northward the Baghmesha and Vilanki region the foundation of an academic  town began  to be laid.  Years later The construction efforts came to an end and the attractive center of sciences was ready to be used. Soon the great scientific center became famous under the name of “Rab-e-Reşidi) and got ready to attract the distinguished scientific researchers,scholars,men of literature,men of all branches of knowledge,students and learners from all the countries of that age. The above-mentioned people gathered together to teach or learn the different kinds of sciences and techniques.         
   In a short time two hundred peole came from Kufe,Basre  and Sham.Four hundred people came from different Islamic regions.Six thousand students and fifty physicians came from India,china and Egypt.These people joined  to the great university society of “Rab-e-Reşidi”of Tabriz.                                                                                                     
    The men of science and literature who had reached to Tabriz resided in special residencies prepared formerly.  Meanwhile under the supervision of Rashiddetdin(the prime minister)the instruction and education affairs continued excellently.                                                                     
    Not a long time passed that according to Rashiddetdin,s  order a new and great hospital named “Rashidabad’ was  established and there the physicians began to cure ills. It was also a chance for the students to get practical in their aimed future profession.                                                        
  According to hundreds of letters that Rashidetdin used to send to different persons in foreign countries,the prime mimister had asked them to send medicinal herbs,spicery condiment,rubbings ,special oils,etc.
In the year of 1304 A,D Kazankhan died and was buried in the Sham cemetery. Oljayto,his successor decided to change the government center to the city of sultaniye.In the year of 1315AD.in the rule of Abu Sa,id was dismissed of his duty and returned to Tabriz.All his belongings were confiscated by the new government.Rab-e-Reşidi also was destroyd by the new –comers.And finally the great center of knowledge and science was destroyed and burnt by the fire of ignorance.                                                          

Abstract This article is a summary of the books "The formation process of the Persian language" and 
"Sahah Al-Ajam's Dictionary of Turkish Vocabulary".
In the general view of this article, it discusses the mutual influence of the three languages 
Turkish, Arabic and Persian, which have the most written works in the field of Islamic 
sciences, and explores the way the Persian language was formed under the influence of the 
Turkish language. The question here is when the Turks themselves had calligraphy before the 
coming of Islam. Why didn't they follow it? And at the same time, why did they pay so much 
attention to the Persian language? This issue is examined from the historical, linguistic, 
psychological and sociological point of view, and then the causes of the change in the history 
of this issue are discussed.
The main theory that this article aims to explain is that the Persian language is an innovative, 
simple and new language that was created in the 10th century AD (4 Hijri) in Mevra al-Nahr 
as a result of the mixing of the Arab, Sogdian and Turkic peoples of the region. Of course, this 
main theory is the result of a collection of sub-theories, which have been given by various 
Persian language researchers and experts and others. Of course, sub-theory does not mean that 
they are less important, each of them is a coherent and comprehensive theory that was 
presented by experts at a certain point in time, and finally, it is the set of these theories that 
leads us to present a more general theory. For example, when Saeed Nafisi says that the real 
homeland of the Dari (Persian) language is Khorasan and Mavral Nahr, and Pahlavi is in 
another area. Or when Dr. Shahrani writes that the mother tongue of no nation has not been 
Dari (Persian), in fact these theories are the result of a lifetime of efforts in this field. Apart 
from the issue of theories, even in the case of important statistical results, such a situation 
prevails. When Khanleri comes to the conclusion that there are no more than 200 simple verbs 
with reproductive ability in the Persian language, in fact, this conclusion is the result of his 
life. And similar to them, when the author of this article found 2,500 simple Turkish verbs and 
a total of 26,000 transitive verbs in the Erek dictionary, in fact, this finding was the result of 
15 years of work in preparing this dictionary. The meaning of saying these things is that each 
of these theories and even the statistical results are the result of a long effort of working on 
them and perhaps books have been researched and written to reach these theories, here 16 
theories are given in general and Their results provide a possibility to present a more general 
theory.

Abstract This article is a summary of the books "The formation process of the Persian language" and 
"Sahah Al-Ajam's Dictionary of Turkish Vocabulary".
In the general view of this article, it discusses the mutual influence of the three languages 
Turkish, Arabic and Persian, which have the most written works in the field of Islamic sciences, 
and explores the way the Persian language was formed under the influence of the Turkish 
language. The question here is when the Turks themselves had calligraphy before the coming 
of Islam. Why didn't they follow it? And at the same time, why did they pay so much attention 
to the Persian language? This issue is examined from the historical, linguistic, psychological 
and sociological point of view, and then the causes of the change in the history of this issue are 
discussed.
The main theory that this article aims to explain is that the Persian language is an innovative, 
simple and new language that was created in the 10th century AD (4 Hijri) in Mevra al-Nahr as 
a result of the mixing of the Arab, Sogdian and Turkic peoples of the region. Of course, this 
main theory is the result of a collection of sub-theories, which have been given by various 
Persian language researchers and experts and others. Of course, sub-theory does not mean that 
they are less important, each of them is a coherent and comprehensive theory that was presented 
by experts at a certain point in time, and finally, it is the set of these theories that leads us to 
present a more general theory. For example, when Saeed Nafisi says that the real homeland of 
the Dari (Persian) language is Khorasan and Mavral Nahr, and Pahlavi is in another area. Or 
when Dr. Shahrani writes that the mother tongue of no nation has not been Dari (Persian), in 
fact these theories are the result of a lifetime of efforts in this field. Apart from the issue of 
theories, even in the case of important statistical results, such a situation prevails. When 
Khanleri comes to the conclusion that there are no more than 200 simple verbs with 
reproductive ability in the Persian language, in fact, this conclusion is the result of his life. And 
similar to them, when the author of this article found 2,500 simple Turkish verbs and a total of 
26,000 transitive verbs in the Erek dictionary, in fact, this finding was the result of 15 years of 
work in preparing this dictionary. The meaning of saying these things is that each of these 
theories and even the statistical results are the result of a long effort of working on them and 
perhaps books have been researched and written to reach these theories, here 16 theories are 
given in general and Their results provide a possibility to present a more general theory.