Dr. Tohid Məlikzade/ Malekzadeh

 

Uluslararası "Azerbaycan ve Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları" Dergisi

Bu dergi, Türkoloji çerçevesinde Azerbaycan'ın tarihi, dili ve edebiyat tarihi hakkında bilimsel-araştırma makaleleri yayınlamaktadır. Bu dergi hem Azerbaycan'a ve İran Türklerine yerel-mikro ölçekte bakar, hem de tarih boyunca Türklerin tarihi ve kültürüne makro ölçekte bir bakış sunar. Bu dergi, diğer ülkelerden araştırmacıların Türkoloji ve Türkiyat'ın uzmanlık konuları hakkındaki makalelerini de memnuniyetle kabul etmektedir.

Sorumlu Müdür ve Editör: Dr. Tohid Melikzade

Diller: Türkçe, Farsça ve İngilizce, Urmiye'de yayınlanmaktadır.

İslami Kültür ve İrşad Bakanlığı Yayın İzin Belgesi No: 94214

 

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Beynəlxalq “Azərbaycan və Türk Tarixi Araşdırmaları” Jurnalı

Bu jurnal, Türkologiya çərçivəsində Azərbaycanın tarixi, dili və ədəbiyyat tarixi haqqında elmi-tədqiqat məqalələri dərc edir. Bu jurnal həm Azərbaycana və İran türklərinə yerli-mikro miqyasda baxır, həm də tarix boyu türklərin tarixi və mədəniyyətinə makro miqyasda baxış təqdim edir. Bu jurnal, digər ölkələrdən tədqiqatçıların Türkologiya və Türkiyatın ixtisas mövzuları haqqında məqalələrini də məmnuniyyətlə qəbul edir.

Sahibi, Baş Redaktor və Məsul Müdiri: Dr. Tohid Məlikzadə

Dillərdə: Türkcə, Farsça və İngiliscə, Urmiyədə nəşr olunur.

İslam Mədəniyyəti və İrşad Nazirliyinin Nəşr Lisenziya Nömrəsi: 94214

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International Journal of "Azerbaijani and Turkic History Studies"

Owner, Editor-in-Chief, and Managing Director: Dr. Tohid Malekzadeh

Languages: Turkish, Persian, and English, published in Urmia.

Publication License Number from the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance: 94214

The journal is ready to accept and publish the esteemed scientific-research articles of authors and researchers within the framework of the journal's policy.

This journal publishes scientific-research articles on the history, language, and literary history of Azerbaijan within the framework of Turkology. The journal has both a local-micro perspective on Azerbaijan and the Turks of Iran, and a macro perspective on the history and culture of the Turks throughout history. The journal also welcomes articles from other researchers in various countries on specialized topics in Turkology and Turkic studies.

The Relations of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress Operating in the Triangle of Baku, Tabriz, Istanbul and the Azerbaijani Constitutional Revolution (1905-1909)

Pages 1-20

Tohid Malekzadeh

Abstract From the beginning of the twentieth century, with the occurrence of deep political, social, and civil upheavals in the political poles of the Middle East, the destinies of the peoples living in this geography began to change. The cries of these peoples, rising in the flow of new thoughts, began to circulate from nation to nation like a chain, and the melodies of freedom began to leap from one people to another. The freedom movement that took place in Russia starting from 1905 is considered the beginning of this freedom movement. This freedom movement, which later spread to the Qajars and Ottomans, moved in the direction of limiting the unlimited powers of the ruling authority and ensuring the participation of the people in governing the country. Because Azerbaijan was a neighbor to Russia and the Ottoman Empire, it did not remain aloof from these political and social upheavals. The Baku, Tiflis, and southern elite and merchant class, who were in close contact with the Ottomans, gradually brought the ideas of the Russian Socialists and the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (Turkists) to the Azerbaijanis. In this article, we will discuss the influence of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress on the Azerbaijani Constitutional Movement.

Azari in the Mirror of Yahya Zaka's Narratives: A Critical Analysis of Field Reports and Historical Citations

Pages 21-45

Ali Babazadeh lgdir

Abstract Yahya Zoka was a writer, archaeologist, and art historian of Iran. Since his youth and student days, he was interested in the hypothesis of the Kasravi Azeri language, and he undertook some research on this topic, and he published the results of his research and findings in numerous articles. Nine of these articles by Yahya Zoka were published in 1990 by the Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Endowment Foundation under the title “Essays on the Language of the Azerbaijani People.” In this article, three examples of Yahya Zoka’s articles, titled “Two Newly Discovered Azeri Ghazals,” “Kreingan Dialect,” and “Gelin-Qiyeh or Harzandi Dialect,” are reviewed and criticized. The article “Two Newly Discovered Azeri Ghazals” is related to the publication of a poetry collection named Badr Shirvani (845-789 AH). This collection was printed and published by Abolfazl Hashem-oghly Rahimov in the publications of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan Socialist Republic. In that divan, there are two ghazals and a mulamme, which were composed in a special dialect. Zoka has considered these two ghazals to be related to the Azeri language and has attempted to introduce it. The “Essay on the Keringan Dialect” is the result of Yahya Zokaa's research during her stay of several months in the border areas of Iran along the Aras River in 1949. During this time, she collected notes on the Tati language of the “Keringan” people from the villages of the Qara-Dagh region of East Azerbaijan and published them in Tehran in 1953. “The Dialect of Gelin Qiyeh or Harzandi” is the title of an article written by the author about the language of the people of Gelin Qiyeh village in Marand province. This article is based on information collected by him during his visit to this village in 1954. It contains five sections: “Dictionary”, “A Few Grammatical Points About the Harzandi Dialect”, “Conjugation of Several Verbs”, “Translation of Several Proverbs into the Harzandi Dialect”, and “Text in the Harzandi Dialect” with its Persian translation.

21 Azar – A Date That Stood the Test of Time

Pages 46-62

Solmaz Rustamova-Tohidi

Abstract In this article, the author addresses the movements of the people of Azerbaijan on 21 Azar, which led to the establishment of a government with limited authority within the country of Iran. The interest in this movement and the vast diversity of perspectives and opinions arising from this interest remain vibrant and dynamic. The historiography of the 21 Azar movement, which is being enriched today with new research, is the best testament to this claim. Rejecting the notion that this movement was artificial, the author argues that while not denying the foreign role (in this case, the Soviet government) in the 21 Azar movement to varying degrees, another point must also be considered: the movement promoted by the Soviet government – the official bearer of communist ideology – in Azerbaijan was directed precisely towards a national-democratic orientation. The author's studies show that there is no suspicious aspect in the record of the migrants to Azerbaijan beyond the Aras River.

TRADİTİONAL TURKİC EPİC HEROS AND HZ.ALİ

Pages 63-87

Aynur Gazanfargizi

Abstract The subject of Turkic hero image of Hz.Ali is not been reserached in folklore. Generally Hz.Ali compared with the |Turkic heros of Dede Korkut, Oğuz Kağan, Manas and sometimes with Koroghlu and etc in folkloric texts. Hero form a wholeness with yell, power, angry moods, miracles, horse and sword. Despite the texts about Hz.Ali it could be processed in many sides, were researched only from the side of imamate. The task of state to analyze some of the texts about Hz.Ali, and making a comparison, based on the turkic heroic epos tradition, to show that, Hz.Ali described in the folkloric texts not as imam but like Turkic epic hero. In this way the state will change the perspective to accept Hz Ali not only imam, but also as a hero of turkic epos. We used search scanning and comparison method in the article.In this way we had the chance to access many texts. While writing the article we based not only the texts collected form Azerbaijan, also based on the battletexts (cenkname) collected from Trukey. Generally we applied the batlle texts about Hz.Ali, scinetific articles also.

THE SCREEN WRITER'S HOMELAND LOVE

Pages 88-97

Abbassali Ahmadoghlu

Abstract This essay analyzes Atabay, a groundbreaking film in Iranian cinema created by Hadi Hejazifar, an Azerbaijani screenwriter and actor from Khoy. Through the story of Atabay and his nephew Aydın, the film explores themes of homeland, identity, linguistic oppression, generational trauma, and the illusion of love. The narrative highlights the sociocultural struggles of Azerbaijani Turks, including discrimination, loss of cultural heritage, and the drying of Lake Urmia. Symbolic elementssuch as Atabay chasing an empty plastic bag up and down the hills to no avail and the repeated mispronunciation of Aydın”—underscore the films critique of cultural alienation. The essay further examines the films cinematography, use of Azerbaijani architecture and folklore, and its portrayal of paradoxes within modern Azerbaijani identity. Ultimately, it argues that Atabay is a post‑modern realist work rooted in national consciousness, reflecting both the beauty and the tragedy of a homeland under pressure.

THE BACKGROUND OF TURCOLOGİCAL CONGRESS

Pages 98-137

Ali Shamil

Abstract It has been one hundred years since the First Turcological Congress was held in Baku, from February 26 to March 6, 1926. Both during the days of the congress and in the following years, hundreds of articles and dozens of books on the topic were published not only in Azerbaijan but also in the former Soviet Union, Turkey, Iran, and other countries. The congress was widely discussed on radio and television, highlighting the care and attention given to the cultural development of Turkic peoples. As they say, in articles, programs, and studies, the visible aspects of the congress were brought to the forefront. The members of the First Turcological Congress were accused of nationalism and anti-Soviet propaganda, labeled as "enemies of the people," and executed in 1937, which led to the true nature of the events remaining in obscurity. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, some previously secret archives were opened, and researchers have tried to uncover the true objectives of the colonial authorities. Some of the new-generation researchers have suggested that the Soviet secret services facilitated the organization of the First Turcological Congress in order to identify nationalist and patriotic individuals and eliminate them. By carefully examining the history of the past 200 years, it becomes clear that the First Turcological Congress was not held solely to eliminate the intellectuals of the Turkic peoples. This congress was part of the assimilation policy of the Russian colonizers. During the Tsarist era, secret and subtle measures were implemented to Christianize and assimilate the peoples under Russian rule. Since the Soviet Union was based on an atheistic ideology and had promised to liberate the peoples who were under Tsarist rule, it changed the form of the assimilation policy. After dividing these people into small groups, it planned to erase their language, culture, and history and to Russify them. Documents from the archives of the Azerbaijan Communist Party and the Azerbaijan National Security Service show that arrests began two days after the congress, as there were sufficient KGB agents and informants present. The first people arrested were not the scientists and politicians who had participated in the congress, but members of the technical staff. Thus, on March 8, the scientific secretary of the congress, Ali Yusifzada-one of the young people sent abroad by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to study at the École Nationale d’Administration in France and who had returned to the country—was interrogated, along with Ahmed Hajinski and Dadash Hasanov. They were questioned for nearly three months. The investigators were mostly interested in conversations that took place outside the congress and in the people who participated in them. Repression and pressure began against those whose names were mentioned during the initial investigation, and by 1937, many of them living in the Soviet Union had been executed.

<span dir=LTR>A Look at the Turkish Poetry of Urmia</span>

A Look at the Turkish Poetry of Urmia

Pages 138-155

Bahram Asadi

Abstract Urmia holds an important and prominent place in the history and literature of Azerbaijan. The tumultuous and sometimes bloody history of this region has been unable to erase its rich literary heritage. Urmia was one of the important centers of Sufism and mysticism, and scholars and poets such as Husam al-Din Chalabi emerged from this region.
The poetry literature of Urmia can be divided into three main sections:
Ancient Poets: The remaining works from this period are scarce, and some of them are in Arabic. Poets of Divan Literature: These poets composed poems in the classical style (Qasida, Ghazal, Rubai, etc.) and compiled divans (collections of poetry).
Qoshma Poets (Ashug Literature): This is the most important and dynamic branch of Urmia's poetry. Urmia's qoshmas typically consist of four stanzas and are performed in gatherings of music and recitation. This literature is the richest oral heritage of the region, preserved orally and transmitted from generation to generation, and has been documented in the recent century, although many works still remain uncollected.
In the contemporary era, poets of Urmia are primarily active in two forms: syllabic poetry (Ashug) and classical metrical poetry (Aruz). There are also experiments in modern poetry forms, but this area has not yet matured or achieved a distinct position.

Forced Journey

Pages 156-172

Behzad Tamaddon

Abstract The First World War and the resulting calamities had such a profound impact on Azerbaijan, especially West Azerbaijan, that it is referred to in public memory as the "Jilloluq" (The Time of Flight). Following the Jilloluq, the southern regions of West Azerbaijan, from Salmas and Urmia to Saujbulagh (Mahabad), Saqqez, and Baneh, were occupied by the Kurds of Simko. One of the individuals who managed to document the events of this period through his own writing was Mohammad Tamaddon, a native of Urmia. His "Forced Journey" is an account of the oppression and crimes perpetrated by Simko's Kurds against him and the peace-loving people of Urmia and Azerbaijan. After the threat from the Kurds was repelled from Urmia, Mohammad Tamaddon returned to his city and vividly depicts the plundered state of the city.

The Ojaq of Il-e Nafar-e Khamseh A Study of the Tamgha of the Il-e Nafar Tribe in the Context of Ancient Turkic Runic Script and Alphabet

Pages 218-341

Mohammad bagher Sattari, Mohammad Pormoradi

Abstract The Il-e Nafar tribe, residing in Fars province, is one of the Turkmen tribes with a rich historical background. Like other Oghuz Turkmens, it possesses its own specific symbol or tamgha, which has various applications. These applications include carving the tamgha on the tombstones of tribe members and branding it on livestock. This practice serves to distinguish the animals of the Il-e Nafar tribe from those of neighboring tribes and facilitates the identification and return of lost animals. This research, by reviewing the Ancient Turkic (Göktürk) Empire, the Yenisei inscriptions, the ancient Turkic runic script, the Orkhon Valley inscriptions, and the Orkhon alphabet, investigates the historical background of the Oghuz Turkmens and the Il-e Nafar tribe. Finally, it analyzes the similarities and correspondences between the tamghas of the Il-e Nafar tribe and ancient Turkic symbols.

TİMURİD- MAMLUK RELATİONS SYRİA EXPEDİTİON

Pages 342-364

Emine Demirbaş

Abstract Emir Timur, the founding ruler of the Timurid State, which influenced world history for more than a hundred years, is a great Turkish sovereign who has made a name for himself with his cultural activities as well as his political activities. Sitting on the Timurid throne for 36 years, Emir Timur expanded his borders with his large-scale expeditions and influenced many countries from Anatolia to Mongolia, from Iran to India. In 1400, the Syrian campaign was one of the most important campaigns of Emir Timur. It is seen that the hostile foreign policy of the Mamluk sultans against Amir Timur was effective in the realisation of the campaign. Amir Timur, who wanted to eliminate the Mamluk trouble before marching to the Ottoman capital, entered Syria with a large army and left behind a devastation with deep effects. The civilised cities such as Aleppo and Damascus, which were occupied by Emir Timur, could not return to their former glory for many years after the withdrawal of the Timurid army. In this sense, the traces left by the Timurid ruler in Syria were recorded by the sources of the period, and Emir Timur was established in the minds of the people of the region as a destructive and cruel ruler in general.The high cultural level of the Timurid ruler became public with the Syrian campaign, and Ibn Khaldūn, one of the great scholars of the period, recorded the intellectual accumulation of the ruler in his memoirs.The information provided by the author includes both the personality of Emir Timur and the Timurid occupation of Damascus.

The Ayrumlu Tribe: Historical Roots, Tribal Structure, and Its Role in the History

Pages 365-383

Parviz Ayrmlu

Abstract The Ayrumlu tribe, as a branch of the Oghuz Turkish tribes and related to the Rumlu tribe—one of the seven main Qizilbash tribes of the Safavids—is today dispersed across three countries: Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. It has played a key role in the political and military developments of Azerbaijan and Iran. This article, adopting a historical-analytical approach and based on primary sources (such as Ottoman Tahrir Defters, Russian AKAK documents, and Persian texts like *Ahsan al-Tawarikh*) and secondary sources (works by Faruk Sümer, Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, and others), examines the historical roots (migration from Anatolia to Azerbaijan after 1301 AD and the evolution of the name from Rumlu to Ayrumlu), tribal structure (a confederation of four clans: Dashlu, Akıncı, Aghsaqlo, and Shams al-Dinlu), culture and language (the Ayrum dialect as one of the recognized dialects of Azerbaijani Turkish in northwestern Azerbaijan), and their role during the Safavid (border-guarding in Chokhur-e Sa'd and border battles), Afsharid, and Qajar periods (establishment of the Shorayel Sultanate, conflicts with the Russians, migration after the Treaty of Turkmenchay, settlement in Somay and Margavar of Urmia, ethnic challenges, and their role in border security). Findings indicate that the Ayrumlu were not merely a subordinate tribal unit, but a driving force in consolidating the eastern borders of the Safavids and the northern borders of the Qajars, which led to the fading of a Rumlu-centric identity and the establishment of an independent Ayrumlu identity. This research emphasizes the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of this tribe and offers suggestions for future research.

Kinds Of Mens Hats And Bashlyqs in Azerbaijan***
Azerbaycanda Başlık veya Erkek Şapka Çeşitleri***
Azərbaycanda başlıq və ya kişi papaqlarının növləri

Kinds Of Men's Hats And Bashlyqs in Azerbaijan*** Azerbaycan'da Başlık veya Erkek Şapka Çeşitleri*** Azərbaycanda başlıq və ya kişi papaqlarının növləri

Volume 1, Issue 5, Autumn 2024, Pages 207-224

mehdi najafi, Golshan Ashrafi Heydarlu

Abstract Since ancient times, headgear and hat had great importance in most parts of the world and was one of the main components of men's clothing. In the Azerbaijan region, the culture of wearing a hat was seriously prevalent in different historical periods, and until the middle of the 20th century, it was an inseparable part of men's clothing, that not having a hat was considered a form of nakedness, and removing a hat from a person's head was considered a great insult. Undoubtedly, the investigation about the social and folkloric position of the hat in different historical periods in Azerbaijan can be the subject of detailed researchs that we intend to focus on the variety of men's hats and bashlyqs in Azerbaijan and introduce its common and famous types.
It should be noted that headgears are called Başlıq in Azerbaijan Turkish language, and the types of men's hats can be divided into four general categories including Boark (Börk), Arakhchyn (Araxçın), Saryq (Sarıq) and Papaq (Papaq).******
Antik çağlardan beri başı örtmek veya şapka takmak dünyanın çoğu yerinde büyük önem taşımış ve erkek giyiminin ana bileşenlerinden biri olmuştur. Azerbaycan bölgesinde şapka takma kültürü farklı tarihi dönemlerde ciddi şekilde yaygınlaşmış olup, 20. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar şapka takmak bir çeşit kıyafet sayılacak kadar erkek giyiminin ayrılmaz bir parçası olmuştur. Başlıksız olmak çıplaklık gibi algılanmakta ve bir kişinin kafasından şapka çıkarmak büyük bir hakaret sayılılmaktaydı. Şüphesiz Azerbaycan'da farklı tarihi dönemlerde şapkanın sosyal ve folklorik konumunun araştırılması detaylı araştırmaların konusu olabilir, bu doğrultuda Azerbaycan'da erkek şapkalarının çeşitliliğini ele almayı, yaygın ve ünlü türlerini tanıtmayı amaçlıyoruz.
Şunu belirtmekte fayda var; Azerbaycan Türkçesinde şapka ve başörtülerine Başlıq denir ve erkek şapka çeşitleri dört genel kategoriye ayrılabilir: Börk, Arakçın, Sarıq ve Papaq.****
Qədim dövrlərdən bəri başın örtülməsi dünyanın əksər yerlərində böyük əhəmiyyət kəsb etmiş və papaq kişi geyimlərinin əsas tərkib hissələrindən biri olmuşdur. Azərbaycan bölgəsində papaq qoymaq mədəniyyəti müxtəlif tarixi dövrlərdə ciddi şəkildə üstünlük təşkil etmiş və 20-ci əsrin ortalarına qədər kişi geyimlərinin ayrılmaz tərkib hissəsi olmuşdur. Papaqsızlıq çılpaqlıq kimi qəbul edilir və adamın başından papaq çıxarmaq böyük təhqir sayılırdı. Şübhəsiz ki, Azərbaycanda müxtəlif tarixi dövrlərdə papağın ictimai və folklor cəhətindən öyrənilməsi geniş tədqiqat obyekti ola bilər. Bu istiqamətdə biz Azərbaycanda kişi papaqlarının müxtəlifliyinə toxunmaq, onun ümumi və məşhur növlərini tanıtmaq niyyətindəyik.
Qeyd etmək lazımdır ki, Azərbaycan türkcəsində kişi baş geyimi Başlıq adlanır və bunların növlərini dörd ümumi kateqoriyaya bölmək olar: Börk, Araxçın, Sarıq və Papaq.
 

The establishment of the Turkish Republic of Aras at the end of the First World War

The establishment of the Turkish Republic of Aras at the end of the First World War

Volume 1, Issue 2, Winter 2024

hossein feizollahi

Abstract With the start of the First World War, both sides of Azerbaijan were involved in an unwanted war between the Ottoman and Russian states. With the defeat of the allies of the Ottoman government, it was forced to leave Azerbaijan on both sides of the Aras River, and the field became more open for the invasion of the Armenian armed forces.
The Muslim Turks, in front of the invading Armenians, who attacked the Muslim areas to expand their borders, the government of "Araz Turk government" (Turkish Republic of Aras), "Daghlar government " (Republic of the Mountains) in Dagestan, "Qars Islam Shurasi" Kars Republic) in the Kars region in eastern Anatolia and "Akhiska Republic" in present-day Georgia and "Southwest Caucasus Government" (Southwest Caucasus Government) in the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia and "Azerbaijan Republic" (Azerbaijan Republic / Equality State) ) set up.
These states were dissolved after the attack of the Bolshevik Russians and their lands were merged into the states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and Turkey.
 

The formation process of Persian language under the influence of Turkish language
(a look at the general theory of the formation of the Persian language and its 16 sub-theories)

The formation process of Persian language under the influence of Turkish language (a look at the general theory of the formation of the Persian language and its 16 sub-theories)

Volume 1, Issue 2, Winter 2024

ismail ceferli

Abstract This article is a summary of the books "The formation process of the Persian language" and 
"Sahah Al-Ajam's Dictionary of Turkish Vocabulary".
In the general view of this article, it discusses the mutual influence of the three languages 
Turkish, Arabic and Persian, which have the most written works in the field of Islamic sciences, 
and explores the way the Persian language was formed under the influence of the Turkish 
language. The question here is when the Turks themselves had calligraphy before the coming 
of Islam. Why didn't they follow it? And at the same time, why did they pay so much attention 
to the Persian language? This issue is examined from the historical, linguistic, psychological 
and sociological point of view, and then the causes of the change in the history of this issue are 
discussed.
The main theory that this article aims to explain is that the Persian language is an innovative, 
simple and new language that was created in the 10th century AD (4 Hijri) in Mevra al-Nahr as 
a result of the mixing of the Arab, Sogdian and Turkic peoples of the region. Of course, this 
main theory is the result of a collection of sub-theories, which have been given by various 
Persian language researchers and experts and others. Of course, sub-theory does not mean that 
they are less important, each of them is a coherent and comprehensive theory that was presented 
by experts at a certain point in time, and finally, it is the set of these theories that leads us to 
present a more general theory. For example, when Saeed Nafisi says that the real homeland of 
the Dari (Persian) language is Khorasan and Mavral Nahr, and Pahlavi is in another area. Or 
when Dr. Shahrani writes that the mother tongue of no nation has not been Dari (Persian), in 
fact these theories are the result of a lifetime of efforts in this field. Apart from the issue of 
theories, even in the case of important statistical results, such a situation prevails. When 
Khanleri comes to the conclusion that there are no more than 200 simple verbs with 
reproductive ability in the Persian language, in fact, this conclusion is the result of his life. And 
similar to them, when the author of this article found 2,500 simple Turkish verbs and a total of 
26,000 transitive verbs in the Erek dictionary, in fact, this finding was the result of 15 years of 
work in preparing this dictionary. The meaning of saying these things is that each of these 
theories and even the statistical results are the result of a long effort of working on them and 
perhaps books have been researched and written to reach these theories, here 16 theories are 
given in general and Their results provide a possibility to present a more general theory. 

Analysis of Sheikh Safi-ad-din
Ardabilis poems and their importance

Analysis of Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili's poems and their importance

Volume 1, Issue 1, Autumn 2023

Mehdi Hasani

Abstract In this research, we are trying to reject Kasravi's claim that Sheikh Safi's poems are Azeri based on the Selseletolnasab manuscript. Then we try to show how the importance of the old dialect of Gilan was found by Sheikh Safi and Turkish Sufis of Azerbaijan, considering the importance of Sheikh Zahid Gilani. Investigations show that all investigations conducted in these couplets were conducted by Kasravi and his associates with the assumption that Azerbaijan is not a Turk..
 

Khazars - Turkish Emperor Logo****
Xəzərlər - Türk İmperatoru Loqosu****
Hazarlar - Türk İmparatoru Logosu

Khazars - Turkish Emperor Logo**** Xəzərlər - Türk İmperatoru Loqosu**** Hazarlar - Türk İmparatoru Logosu

Volume 1, Issue 7, Spring 2025, Pages 94-134

Mohammadreza Baghban karimi

Abstract Azerbaijan was in the territory of the Western Goy-Turks in the 6th century. At that time, the Turkic tribes in Azerbaijan lived side by side in a confederation: Huns, Sabirs, Kipchaks, Pechenegs, Avars, Khazars and Oghuzs. Of these, the closest tribe to the Goy-Turks was the Khazars. They have cooperated with the Huns throughout history, and when the Goy-Turks weaken, the Khazars take over and rely on the them instead. They are Turkic-speaking and keep the Turkish flag high. They treated other tribes fairly, but at the same time they put pressure on a number of tribes -the Bulgars and Hungarians- and caused them to migrate from Azerbaijan. They themselves were persecuted by other tribes and were forced to leave Azerbaijan due to the incessant wars of the Arabs. The Caspian Sea is called Khazar after them. They lived between the Caspian and the Black Seas, and their territory reached Azerbaijan. However, they repeatedly clashed with the Arab army in Azerbaijan, sometimes winning the war and sometimes losing: nevertheless, they maintained their dominance from Azerbaijan (Karabakh-Ardabil) to Mosul for several decades. The Khazars had a great influence on the calibration and enrichment of the literary Turkish language of Azerbaijan. Some have said that no trace of the Khazars remained in the past, but today we see before our eyes the abundance of decorative tools, dishes, agricultural tools and livestock equipment of the Khazars, which are exhibited in museums. Many of their buildings and architectural examples have been discovered. Those who once said that no trace of the Khazars remained are now amazed by the wealth of written works. Now we have several volumes of written books of the Khazars: in addition to stories, prayers and letters, we have a dictionary of one hundred thousand words. Here you will read the history of the Khazars, as well as an introduction to their literary works. The article is presented in the style of library research, citing the works of reputable historians and researchers.**** Azərbaycan 6-cı yüzildə göytürklərin qərb bölgələri içındə yer alır. Bu zaman Azərbaycanda konfedrasiya kımı bir-biri ilə yanaşı yaşayan türk boyları: hunlar, sabirlər, qıpçaqlar, peçeneqlər, avarlar, xəzərlər və oğuzlar mövcud idi. Bunların içindən göytürklərə daha yaxın olan boy xəzərlər idi. Onlar tarix boyu hunlarla işbirliyi etmişlər, göytürklər zəifələdiyi zaman xəzərlər başa keçmiş və göytürklərin yerini almışlar. Onların dili türkcə olaraq hökümət bayrağını uca saxlayırlar. Onlar başqa qəbilələrlə düzgün davranıb, eyni zamanda bir sıra qəbilələri − bulqarları, macarları əsarət altına alaraq Azərbaycandan köçmələrinə səbəb olurlar. Özləri də başqa qəbilələr tərəfindən sıxıntıya duçar olub, ərəblərin kəsilməz savaşlarına görə Azərbaycandan uzaqlaşmaq məcbüriyyətində qalırlar. Xəzər dənizi onların adına qoyulmuşdur. Onlar Xəzər dənizi ilə Qara dənız arasında yaşayır, bölgələri Azərbaycana qədər uzanırdı; ancaq dəfələrlə ərəb qoşunu ilə Azərbaycanda toqquşub, savaşı gah udub, gah da uduzmuşlar. Bununla belə neçə onilliklər Azərbaycandan (Qarabağ-Ərdəbildən) tutmuş Mosula qədər istilalarını saxlamışlar. Xəzərlər Azərbaycan türkcəsinin yerləşməsində və yazı dilinin zənginləşməsində böyük izlər qoymuşdurlar. Keçmişdə xəzərlərdən əsər qalmayıb söylənsə də bu gün xəzərlərin muzeylərdə sərgilənən qızıl, gumuş bəzək əşyaları, qab-qacaqları, əkinçilik və heyvançılıq alətləri və s. göz qabağındadır. Habelə çoxlu imarətlər və memarlıq numünələri də üzə çıxmışdır. Bir zamanlar xəzərlərdən heç bir əsər qalmayıb deyənlər bu gün yazılı əsərlərin xəzinəsi qarşında heyrətdə qalırlar. Neçə-neçə 100 mın sözə malik olan xəzərlərin böyük həcmdə yazılı kitabları: dastanları, duaları və məktubları əlimizdədir. Burada xəzərlərin tarixi ilə bərabər onların ədəbi əsərlərinin də tanıtımını oxuyacaqsınız. Məqalə kıtabxana axtarışları səviyyəsində olmaqla, alimlərin əsərlərindən istifadə edilmişdir.**** Azerbaycan, 6. yüzyılda Batı Göktürkleri topraklarındaydı. O zamanlar Azerbaycan'daki Türk kabileleri bir konfederasyon halinde yan yana yaşıyordu: Hunlar, Sabirler, Kıpçaklar, Peçenekler, Avarlar, Hazarlar ve Oğuzlar. Bunlardan Göktürklere en yakın kabile Hazarlardı. Tarih boyunca Hunlarla işbirliği yaptılar ve Göktürkler zayıfladığında Hazarlar yönetimi ele geçirdi ve onlara güvendi. Türkçe konuşurlar ve Türk bayrağını yüksekte tutarlar. Diğer kabilelere adil davranırlar, ancak aynı zamanda bir dizi kabileye -Bulgarlar ve Macarlar- baskı yaparlar ve onları Azerbaycan'dan göç etmeye zorlarlar. Kendileri de diğer kabileler tarafından zulüm gördüler ve Arapların aralıksız savaşları nedeniyle Azerbaycan'ı terk etmek zorunda kaldılar. Hazar Denizi, onların adıyla Hazar olarak anılır. Hazar ve Karadeniz arasında yaşıyorlardı ve toprakları Azerbaycan'a kadar uzanıyordu. Ancak, Azerbaycan'da Arap ordusuyla defalarca çarpıştılar, bazen savaşı kazandılar, bazen de kaybettiler: yine de, Azerbaycan'dan (Karabağ-Erdebil) Musul'a kadar birkaç on yıl boyunca hakimiyetlerini sürdürdüler. Hazarlar, Azerbaycan'ın edebi Türk dilinin kalibrasyonu ve zenginleştirilmesi üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahipti. Bazıları, geçmişte Hazarlardan hiçbir iz kalmadığını söyledi, ancak bugün müzelerde sergilenen Hazarların bol miktarda dekoratif aleti, yemeği, tarım aleti ve hayvancılık ekipmanını gözümüzün önünde görüyoruz. Binalarının ve mimari örneklerinin çoğu keşfedildi. Bir zamanlar Hazarlardan hiçbir iz kalmadığını söyleyenler, şimdi yazılı eserlerin zenginliği karşısında hayrete düşüyorlar. Şimdi Hazarların birkaç ciltlik yazılı kitabına sahibi: hikayelere, dualara ve mektuplara ek olarak, yüz bin kelimelik bir sözlüğümüz var. Burada Hazarların tarihini ve edebi eserlerine bir giriş okuyacaksınız. Makale, saygın tarihçilerin ve araştırmacıların eserlerine atıfta bulunarak kütüphane araştırması tarzında sunulmuştur.

Azərbaycan’da qurd inancına bir baxış***
Azərbaycan’da qurd inancına bir baxış

Azərbaycan’da qurd inancına bir baxış*** Azərbaycan’da qurd inancına bir baxış

Volume 1, Issue 5, Autumn 2024, Pages 131-149

Mehdi Hasani

Abstract  The belief in the sacredness and totemism of the wolf among the Turks has been a long-standing issue, and in fact, it is common among all nations. As the famous mythologist Mircea Eliade believes: <<After a racial destruction, this is an animal associated with the moon that appears in the role of the "great ancestor of the people" and revives it. >> This happened to the female wolf "Asena: Ashina" among the Turks, and in fact, this name has entered the Turkic mythology as one of the names associated with the wolf and the moon. Addressing the issue of the antiquity of the wolf in Azerbaijan is something that can be examined through several lenses: archaeological discoveries, place names, proper names, literary works, and folklore, which we will discuss below.**** Türkler arasında kurdun kutsallığına ve totemizmine olan inanç uzun zamandır devam eden bir konudur ve aslında tüm uluslar arasında yaygındır. Ünlü mitolojist Mircea Eliade'nin inandığı gibi: <<Irksal bir yıkımdan sonra, bu, "halkın büyük atası" rolünde beliren ve onu canlandıran ay ile ilişkilendirilen bir hayvandır. >> Bu, Türkler arasında dişi kurt "Asena: Ashina"nın başına geldi ve aslında bu isim, kurt ve ay ile ilişkilendirilen isimlerden biri olarak Türk mitolojisine girmiştir. Azerbaycan'da kurdun antikliği konusunu ele almak, birkaç mercekten incelenebilecek bir şeydir: arkeolojik keşifler, yer adları, özel adlar, edebi eserler ve folklora bağlı aşağıda açıklamamız .**** Türklər arasında qurdun müqəddəsliyinə, totemizminə inam çoxdan davam edən bir mövzudur və əslində bütün xalqlar arasında geniş yayılmışdır.  Məşhur mifoloq Mirça Eliadenin inandığı kimi: <<İrqi dağıntıdan sonra bu, "xalqın ulu əcdadı" rolunda görünən və onu canlandıran Ayla əlaqəli bir heyvandır.  >> Bu, türklər arasında "Asena: Aşina" dişi canavarının başına gəldi və əslində bu ad türk mifologiyasına qurd və ayla bağlı adlardan biri kimi daxil oldu.  Azərbaycanda canavarın qədimliyi məsələsinə toxunmaq bir neçə prizmadan baxmaq olar: aşağıda izahatımız arxeoloji tapıntılar, yer adları, xüsusi adlar, ədəbi əsərlər və folklor əsasındadır.

The Ancient Turkish Script Emerged From the Millennia of the Plateau of Iran and Azerbaijan//////
Qədim türk yazısı İran və Azərbaycan yaylasının minilliklərindən yaranmışdır///////
Eski Türk Yazısı, İran ve Azerbaycan Platosunun Binlerce Yıllık Döneminden Ortaya Çıktı

The Ancient Turkish Script Emerged From the Millennia of the Plateau of Iran and Azerbaijan////// Qədim türk yazısı İran və Azərbaycan yaylasının minilliklərindən yaranmışdır/////// Eski Türk Yazısı, İran ve Azerbaycan Platosunun Binlerce Yıllık Döneminden Ortaya Çıktı

Volume 1, Issue 4, Summer 2024, Pages 186-199

Mehdi Hasani

Abstract In this article, we talk about the Damghas of the Turks throughout history, which have a life as long as the life of the Turks. The use of ancient Turkish tombs everywhere in the Iranian plateau and the ancient civilizations of the region shows their active presence in the thinking of "ancient Turks" and its transfer to other places and among other ethnic groups, which is a strong proof of the active presence of "Turks" in the Iranian plateau. and Azerbaijan and other regions". The discovery of signs of the beginning of the conversion of Damghas into writing can be seen in the ancient works of Azerbaijan, as well as Sumerian and Elamite discoveries. In this article, the historical course of the transformation of Damghas into the Orkhon alphabet is discussed.////// Bu yazıda türklərin ömrü qədər ömrü olan türk tarixi damğalarından bəhs edirik. İran yaylasının və bölgənin qədim sivilizasiyalarının hər yerində qədim türk məzarlarından istifadə edilməsi onların “qədim türklər” təfəkküründə fəal iştirakını və onun başqa yerlərə və başqa etnik qruplar arasında köçürülməsini göstərir ki, bu da onun fəallığının güclü sübutudur. İran yaylasında və Azərbaycan və digər bölgələrdə “türklərin” olmasına dəlildir. Damğasın yazıya çevrilməsinin başlanğıcının əlamətlərinin aşkar edilməsini Azərbaycanın qədim əsərlərində, eləcə də Şumer və Elam kəşflərində görmək olar. Bu yazıda Damğasın Orxon əlifbasına çevrilməsinin tarixi gedişatından bəhs edilir./////// Bu yazımızda tarih boyunca Türklerin ömrü kadar uzun bir ömrü olan Türk Damgalarından bahsediyoruz. İran platosunun her yerinde eski Türk mezarlarının kullanılması ve bölgedeki eski uygarlıkların "eski Türkler" düşüncesinde etkin bir şekilde varlık göstermesi, başka yerlere ve diğer etnik gruplara aktarılması da bu etkin varlığın güçlü bir kanıtıdır. İran platosunda, Azerbaycan'da ve diğer bölgelerde "Türklerin" varlığı. Damghas'ın yazıya dönüşmeye başladığına dair işaretlerin keşfi, Sümer ve Elam keşiflerinin yanı sıra Azerbaycan'ın eski eserlerinde de görülebilir. Bu makalede Damgas'ın Orhun alfabesine dönüşümünün tarihsel seyri ele alınmaktadır.

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